Linux \u0648 \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\ufffd\ufffd \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 96% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 Linux \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 VPS \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 Linux \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/p>
🐧<\/p>\n
\u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Linux \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 Linux Kernel \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 Linus Torvalds \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d Linux \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629. \ufffd\ufffd\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 LTS \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\ufffd\ufffd\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a Ubuntu 24.04 LTS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 CentOS \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647. \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 cPanel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0640 Ubuntu. \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644. \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SSH (Secure Shell) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a Linux \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
# \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\nssh username@server-ip\n\n# \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\nssh -p 2222 username@server-ip\n\n# \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d SSH\nssh -i ~\/.ssh\/my_key username@server-ip\n\n# \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d SSH \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\nssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C \"your@email.com\"\n\n# \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631\nssh-copy-id username@server-ip\n\n# \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 SSH:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n- \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\ufffd\ufffd\u0636\u064a 22 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0622\u062e\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0639\u0637\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\ufffd\ufffd\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d SSH \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0639\u0637\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 root \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 fail2ban \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n# === \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 ===\npwd # \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\nls # \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\nls -la # \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629\nls -lh # \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0621\u0629 (KB, MB)\ncd \/var\/www # \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\ncd .. # \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\ncd ~ # \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\ncd - # \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\n\n# === \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 ===\nmkdir projects # \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\nmkdir -p a\/b\/c # \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629\ntouch file.txt # \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\n\n# === \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 ===\ncp file.txt backup.txt # \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0644\u0641\ncp -r folder\/ backup\/ # \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\nmv old.txt new.txt # \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644\nmv file.txt \/tmp\/ # \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\n\n# === \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0641 ===\nrm file.txt # \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u0641\nrm -r folder\/ # \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\nrm -rf folder\/ # \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f (\u0627\u062d\u0630\u0631!)\n\n# === \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b ===\nfind \/ -name \"php.ini\" # \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\nfind \/var\/www -name \"*.php\" # \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a PHP\nfind \/tmp -mtime +7 -delete # \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 7 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\n\n# === \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\ufffd\ufffd\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a ===\ndu -sh \/var\/www # \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\ndu -sh \/var\/www\/* # \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\ndf -h # \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n# === \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a ===\ncat file.txt # \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b\nless file.txt # \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a (q \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c)\nhead -20 file.txt # \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648\u0644 20 \u0633\u0637\u0631\ntail -20 file.txt # \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0622\u062e\u0631 20 \u0633\u0637\u0631\ntail -f \/var\/log\/syslog # \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 (\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b!)\n\n# === \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 ===\ngrep \"error\" file.txt # \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0641\ngrep -r \"password\" \/etc\/ # \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\ngrep -i \"ERROR\" access.log # \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641\ngrep -c \"404\" access.log # \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\n\n# === \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a ===\n# nano (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646)\nnano file.txt\n# Ctrl+O \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638\u060c Ctrl+X \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\n\n# vim (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646)\nvim file.txt\n# i \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c Esc \u062b\u0645 :wq \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u060c :q! \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638\n\n# === \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 ===\nfile document.pdf # \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\nwc -l file.txt # \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631\nstat file.txt # \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a (chmod, chown)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a Linux \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 (Owner) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 (Group) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (Others). \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 (r=4) \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 (w=2) \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 (x=1):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
# === chmod - \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a ===\nchmod 755 script.sh # rwxr-xr-x (\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a)\nchmod 644 file.txt # rw-r--r-- (\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a)\nchmod 600 wp-config.php # rw------- (\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633)\nchmod 700 private_dir\/ # rwx------ (\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635)\nchmod -R 755 \/var\/www\/html # \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\n\n# \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629:\n# 755 = \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\n# 644 = \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\n# 600 = \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 (wp-config.php, .env)\n# 700 = \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\n\n# === chown - \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 ===\nchown www-data:www-data file.txt # \u062a\u063a\ufffd\ufffd\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\nchown -R www-data:www-data \/var\/www\/ # \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\n\n# \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\nfind \/var\/www\/html -type d -exec chmod 755 {} ;\nfind \/var\/www\/html -type f -exec chmod 644 {} ;\nchmod 600 \/var\/www\/html\/wp-config.php<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n# === \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux ===\nadduser newuser # \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f (\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a)\nuseradd -m -s \/bin\/bash user # \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 (\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631)\npasswd username # \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\nuserdel -r username # \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\nwhoami # \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\nid username # \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\nsu - username # \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631\n\n# === \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a sudo ===\nusermod -aG sudo username # \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 sudo (Ubuntu)\nusermod -aG wheel username # \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 wheel (CentOS)\nvisudo # \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a sudo\n\n# === \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a ===\ngroupadd developers # \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\nusermod -aG developers user # \ufffd\ufffd\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\ngroups username # \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\n\n# \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646\ncat \/etc\/passwd | grep -v nologin | grep -v false<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux (systemctl)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
systemctl \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 Linux \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
# === \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a ===\nsystemctl start nginx # \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\nsystemctl stop nginx # \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\nsystemctl restart nginx # \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\nsystemctl reload nginx # \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\nsystemctl status nginx # \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\n\n# === \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a ===\nsystemctl enable nginx # \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639\nsystemctl disable nginx # \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639\nsystemctl is-enabled nginx # \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\n\n# === \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a ===\nsystemctl list-units --type=service # \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\nsystemctl list-units --type=service --state=failed # \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0623\n\n# === \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a ===\njournalctl -u nginx # \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\ufffd\ufffd\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\njournalctl -u nginx -f # \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\njournalctl -u nginx --since \"1 hour ago\" # \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n# === \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 CPU \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 ===\ntop # \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 (q \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c)\nhtop # \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0645\u0644 (\u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a\u0647: apt install htop)\nuptime # \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\n\n# === \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 RAM ===\nfree -h # \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629\ncat \/proc\/meminfo # \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629\n\n# === \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 ===\ndf -h # \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635\ndu -sh \/var\/log # \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\nncdu \/ # \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\ufffd\ufffd\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\n\n# === \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 ===\nss -tulnp # \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\nnetstat -tulnp # \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645)\niftop # \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\n\n# === \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a ===\nps aux # \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\nps aux | grep nginx # \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\nkill PID # \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\nkill -9 PID # \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\n\n# === \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 ===\nuname -a # \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629\nlsb_release -a # \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0629\nnproc # \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\ufffd\ufffd\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a\nhostname # \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 Ubuntu \/ Debian (apt)<\/h3>\n\n\n\nsudo apt update # \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\nsudo apt upgrade -y # \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629\nsudo apt install nginx -y # \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629\nsudo apt remove nginx # \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629\nsudo apt autoremove # \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\napt search php # \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629\napt show nginx # \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 AlmaLinux \/ CentOS (dnf)<\/h3>\n\n\n\nsudo dnf update -y # \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\nsudo dnf install nginx -y # \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629\nsudo dnf remove nginx # \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629\nsudo dnf search php # \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\nsudo dnf info nginx # \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux (Firewall)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UFW (Ubuntu)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n# \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 UFW\nsudo ufw enable\n\n# \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\nsudo ufw allow ssh # \u0623\u0648: sudo ufw allow 22\nsudo ufw allow 80 # HTTP\nsudo ufw allow 443 # HTTPS\n\n# \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 IP \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\nsudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.100 to any port 3306\n\n# \u062d\u0638\u0631 IP\nsudo ufw deny from 10.0.0.5\n\n# \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\nsudo ufw status verbose\n\n# \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\nsudo ufw delete allow 8080<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\nFirewalld (AlmaLinux \/ CentOS)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n# \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644\nsudo systemctl start firewalld\nsudo systemctl enable firewalld\n\n# \u0627\u0644\ufffd\ufffd\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\nsudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http\nsudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https\nsudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ssh\n\n# \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\nsudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8080\/tcp\n\n# \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\nsudo firewall-cmd --reload\n\n# \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\nsudo firewall-cmd --list-all<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Linux \u0648 \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b. \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux. \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 Linux \u0623\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n